@article { author = {kariminiya, mohammad mahdi and shojaei, Alireza}, title = {Comparative investigation on the effects of null and corrupt contracts in ‎Iran, Afghanistan and France law}, journal = {"Adl va Ensaf" Comparative Law Researches Quarterly}, volume = {4}, number = {12}, pages = {7-36}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Javad Sasani}, issn = {26453843}, eissn = {26453843}, doi = {10.22034/aeclr.2021.134452}, abstract = {In Iranian legal system that is based on Imamia jurisprudence and following ‎the French legal system scheme, the main executive guarantee for the breach of ‎the conditions set for concluding the contracts is known to be an annulment if it ‎is inoperative or voidable. Of course, only in some case and not as a general law ‎principle, it has included some other terms such as relative nullity or modifiable ‎nullity in its statue laws. Although in this regard, the French law system has ‎considered the terms absolute nullity, relative nullity, revocable and terminable; ‎However, following the Hanafi’s jurisprudence, the Afghanistan law system has ‎recognized and approved another general rule, namely “corrupt”, in addition to ‎the nulled executive guarantees, endowed and inoperative. This general rule ‎causes the nullity in the law system of this country to have several levels and in ‎cases, in which the contract is modifiable, prevent its annulment; so the legal ‎relations between the parties can continue. According to the Iranian and French ‎legal system, a corrupt and nulled contract are considered to be similar concepts, ‎both of which possess the same nature and have only one effect that is being ‎ineffective; But from the point of view of the Afghan legal system, a corrupt ‎contract has a nature and definition independent of a null or void contract and in ‎contrast to a null contract that due to the disorder in its elements, has not been ‎created at all in the first place and doesn’t have constructive existence, the ‎corrupt contract  does not possess any problem with respect to the validity of the ‎elements and it is considered to be a corrupt thing only because of the disorders ‎in the attributes and has an effect after taking the possession. As a result, after ‎the realization of a corrupt contract by means of legal credits, if taking ‎possession or delivering occurs, the effect of the contract, which is a property, is ‎achieved and the corrupt contract has legal effects; However, according to the ‎law of Afghanistan and Hanafi jurisprudence, this work is considered an evil ‎and illegitimate work and the utilization of the subject of the ownership to a ‎corrupt contract is forbidden by the divine law and prohibited.‎}, keywords = {Null,nullificable,inoperative,corrupt,Iranian Law,‎Afghanistan law and France Law}, title_fa = {بررسی تطبیقی آثار عقد باطل و فاسد در حقوق ایران، افغانستان و فرانسه}, abstract_fa = {ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻘﻪ اﻣﺎﻣﻴﻪ و با الگوگیری از نظام حقوقی فرانسه، ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ اﺟﺮای ‏اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺨﻠﻒ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮای اﻧﻌﻘﺎد ﻋﻘﻮد، ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ را، در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻏﻴﺮﻧﺎﻓﺬ ﺑﻮدن، ﺑﻄﻼن، ‏می‌داﻧﺪ. البته ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻮردی و ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‌ی عام ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ، ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎی دﻳﮕﺮی ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻄﻼن ‏ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺻﻼح را نیز وارد ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ موضوعه‌اش ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. چنانکه نظام حقوقی فرانسه ‏در این راستا نهاد‌های بطلان مطلق، بطلان نسبی و قابل ابطال و قابل فسخ را در نظر گرفته است. ‏اما ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ اﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎن به پیروی از فقه حنفی، اﻓﺰون ﺑﺮ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ اﺟﺮاﻫﺎی ﺑﺎﻃﻞ، موقوف و ‏ﻏﻴﺮﻧﺎﻓﺬ، ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‌ی ﻋﺎم دﻳﮕﺮی را تحت ﻋﻨﻮان «ﻓﺎﺳﺪ»، مورد ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ قرارداده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ‏ﻣﻲ‌ﺷﻮد ﺑﻄﻼن، در ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮر دارای ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ بوده و در ﻣﻮاردی ﻛﻪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺻﻼح ‏اﺳﺖ، از ﺑﻄﻼن آن ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮی گردد؛ و رواﺑﻂ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺗﺪاوم داﺷﺘﻪ باشد. از نظر نظام حقوقی ‏ایران و فرانسه عقد فاسد و باطل، دو مفهوم یکسان و مشابه در نظر گرفته شده که هر دو ماهیت ‏یکسان داشته و صرفا دارای یک اثر که بلااثر بودن است می‌باشد؛ اما از نظر نظام حقوقی افغانستان، ‏عقد فاسد ماهیت و تعریف مستقل از عقد باطل داشته و برخلاف عقد باطل که به علت اختلال در ‏ارکان، از اساس شکل نگرفته و وجود اعتباری پیدا نمی‌کند، عقد فاسد، از حیث صحت ارکان هیچ ‏مشکلی نداشته و تنها به علت اختلال در اوصاف، موجود فاسد تلقی شده و بعد از قبض دارای اثر ‏می‌گردد. در نتیجه، چنانچه پس از تحقق عقد فاسد در عالم اعتبارات حقوقی، قبض و اقباض تحقق ‏یابد، اثر عقد که ملکیت است حاصل گردیده و عقد فاسد دارای آثار حقوقی می‌گردد؛ گرچند این ‏اثر از نظر قانون افغانستان و فقه حنفی یک اثر خبیث و غیر مشروع قلمداد شده و انتفاع از مملوک ‏به عقد فاسد حرام و ممنوع می‌باشد.‏}, keywords_fa = {باطل,قابل ابطال,غیر نافذ,فاسد,حقوق ایران,حقوق افغانستان,حقوق فرانسه.‏}, url = {http://www.aeclrjournal.ir/article_134452.html}, eprint = {http://www.aeclrjournal.ir/article_134452_e1c35adaa8f142402a5d3e6d8ac1660a.pdf} }